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THE     PHOTOSTAT     IN 
REFERENCE    WORK 


BY  CHARLES  F.   McCOMBS 

READERS'  DIVISION,  THE  NEW  YORK  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 


NEW  YORK 

PUBLIC    LIBRARY 

1920 


REPRODUCED  FROM   PHOTOSTAT 

COPY    OF    ETCHING    BY    MIELATZ 


THE     PHOTOSTAT     IN 
REFERENCE    WORK 


BY  CHARLES  F.   McCOMBS 

READERS'  DIVISION,  THE  NEW  YORK  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 


NEW  YORK 

PUBLIC    LIBRARY 

1920 


;* 


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FROM  THE 
BULLETIN   OF  THE   NEW   YORK   PUBLIC   LIBRARY 


PRINTED   AT   THE    NEW   YORK    PUBLIC    LIBRARY 
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THE    PHOTOSTAT    IN    REFERENCE    WORK 


THE  photostat  is  a  specially-constructed  copying  camera  which  makes  the 
photographic  reproduction  directly  on  sensitized  paper.  A  roll  of  paper 
is  fastened  in  a  magazine  at  the  back  of  the  camera  box,  and  is  unrolled  as 
needed.  The  sheets,  cut  off  in  the  proper  length,  are  dropped  into  the  develop- 
ing box  as  fast  as  the  exposures  are  made.  Books,  prints,  or  objects  to  be 
copied  are  placed  under  glass  on  an  adjustable  frame,  which  may  be  raised  or 
lowered  if  enlargement  or  reduction  of  the  original  is  desired.  The  print  is 
a  negative,  corrected  as  to  position,  but  with  the  black  and  white  of  the  original 
reversed. 

If  a  positive  print  —  a  facsimile  with  black  letters  on  a  white  ground  —  is 
desired,  the  negative,  when  developed,  is  placed  on  the  frame  and  photographed 
again.  Each  additional  positive  copy  of  a  print  is  obtained  by  repeating  this 
process  of  photographing  the  negative,  and  not,  as  in  the  case  of  a  glass  nega- 
tive, printing  from  it.  The  prints  may  be  developed  in  the  developing  box,  or 
more  conveniently  in  the  dark  room.  When  washed,  the  prints  are  dried  on 
racks  or  between  blotters. 

Negative  prints  —  white  on  black  —  are  clear,  easy  to  read  and  for  ordi- 
nary printed  matter,  almost  as  satisfactory  as  the  positives.  A  bromide  or  mat 
finished  paper  is  ordinarily  used,  but  if  sharper  detail  is  desired  a  gelatine  or 
glossy  paper  is  needed.  The  gelatine  paper  is  slower,  slightly  more  difficult 
to  manipulate,  and  more  expensive,  but  is  always  used  if  the  prints  are  for 
reproduction. 

For  the  convenience  of  readers,  The  New  York  Public  Library  installed 
a  photostat  in  December,  1912.  Reproductions  are  made  only  of  books  or 
other  material  in  the  Library's  collections.  No  outside  commercial  work  is 
done.  In  1913,  the  first  year  of  its  operation,  511  orders  were  handled.  This 
machine  makes  prints  up  to  \\y2  by  14  inches  in  size.  The  work  developed 
so  rapidly  that  in  1917  a  second  machine,  making  prints  14  by  18  inches  — 
used  for  newspapers,  maps,  etc.  —  was  purchased.  The  order  book  records 
4,150  separate  orders  for  1919,  and  the  number  handled  during  the  present 
year  will  probably  reach  5,600.  In  other  words,  in  one  month  the  Library 
now  handles  as  many  orders  as  were  placed  during  the  twelve  months  of  1913. 

The  number  of  orders  placed  merely  indicates  the  number  of  separate 
transactions  recorded.  A  single  order  may  be  for  only  one  page  of  a  book, 
requiring  but  one  print,  or  it  may  be  for  the  entire  book  which  might  require 
several  hundred  prints.  Usually  one  order  sheet  contains  items  from  several 
books.  Large  orders  requiring  hundreds  of  prints  are  of  frequent  occurrence. 

[3] 


4  THE  NEW  YORK  PUBLIC  LIBRARY 

Why  should  a  library  maintain  such  a  photographic  service?  After  all 
it  is  merely  an  important  auxiliary  to  our  reference  service.  The  increasing 
use  of  photostat  reproductions  is  due  to  a  growing  realization  of  its  unlimited 
possibilities  in  reference  work,  in  making  the  resources  of  a  great  library  more 
accessible  in  convenient  and  usable  form,  and  at  comparatively  small  cost. 

In  university  or  reference  libraries  photography  has  long  been  employed 
for  copying  manuscripts,  early  printed  books,  or  other  material  of  which 
facsimiles  and  not  transcripts  or  tracings  are  required  for  study.  It  is  also 
used  for  reproducing  pictures  or  portraits  for  book  or  periodical  illustration. 
Libraries,  however,  have  seldom  maintained  photographic  departments,  but 
have  entrusted  the  work  to  reliable  commercial  photographers.  Photographs 
made  from  plate  negatives  are  expensive,  and  the  process,  as  compared  with 
the  photostat,  slow.  They  are,  of  course,  better  reproductions  —  sharper  in 
detail  and  finer  in  finish  —  than  the  photostat  print,  although  a  skilful  opera- 
tor, using  a  gelatine  paper,  can  make  prints  with  the  photostat  that 'compare 
favorably  with  good  plate  work.  The  Library  is  doing  more  and  more  of 
this  kind  of  work  for  book  and  magazine  illustration. 

The  chief  advantages  of  the  photostat,  or  of  similar  copying  devices,  are 
the  simplicity  of  operation,  the  rapidity  with  which  prints  can  be  turned  out, 
and  the  small  cost  in  comparison  with  other  photographic  processes.  The 
use  of  the  photostat  is  by  no  means  limited  to  reproducing  the  things  previ- 
ously mentioned.  In  fact,  this  material  forms  a  relatively  small,  though  impor- 
tant, part  of  the  work  now  done  by  the  Library. 

The  portable  typewriting  machine  is  a  great  aid  to  the  writer  whose  daily 
work  requires  the  use  of  a  public  library.  Note-taking  in  longhand  —  even 
dictation  to  a  stenographer  —  is  slow  and  fatiguing  work.  If  one  is  gather- 
ing material  for  an  article,  one  is  apt  to  make  a  rough  digest  or  summary  of  the 
essential  sources  consulted,  or  painfully  to  copy  important  paragraphs  in  full. 
Either  method  is  tedious,  and  when  some  time  later  —  often  far  away  from 
books  and  libraries  —  notes  are  finally  arranged,  and  the  actual  writing  begun, 
there  is  constant  worry  and  uncertainty  as  to  the  accuracy  and  completeness  of 
the  notes.  Errors  of  fact  occur,  due  to  bad  handwriting,  and  errors  in  reason- 
ing due  to  serious  omissions.  The  use  of  the  typewriter  by  many  professional 
writers  has  lessened  the  drudgery  to  some  degree  and  has  saved  much  time. 

Perhaps  the  photostat  will  change  all  that  when  the  advantages  of  an 
absolutely  accurate  copy  of  a  printed  page  are  fully  realized.  A  modern  library 
finds  it  necessary  to  provide  places  —  apart  from  readers  who  desire  quiet  — 
where  typewriting  machines  may  be  used,  and  it  is  glad  to  grant  such  requests 
as  far  as  space  permits.  Is  it  any  less  important  that  a  great  reference  library 
should  provide  at  cost  a  photographic  copying  service? 

Such  a  service  could  be  maintained  by  the  joint  effort  of  libraries  of 
various  types  —  university  and  special  libraries,  museums,  or  other  educa- 
tional institutions  in  a  place  where  the  returns  would  not  justify  any  one  of 
them  in  installing  such  a  service,  or  where  the  initial  cost  of  equipment  and 
the  operating  expenses  could  not  be  borne. 


THE  PHOTOSTAT  IN  REFERENCE  WORK  5 

It  is  a  safe  prediction  that  within  the  next  few  years  the  photostat  will 
change  many  of  the  present  methods  of  reference  work  in  research  libraries. 
Few  people  have  any  idea  of  the  vital  if  inconspicuous  part  which  the  printed 
book  plays  in  furthering  progress  in  science,  in  government,  and  in  all  depart- 
ments of  human  activity.  No  real  advance  would  be  possible  in  any  field, 
without  an  appalling  waste  of  time  and  energy,  if  we  did  not  know  what  had 
been  accomplished  in  the  past,  or  is  now  being  done  in  other  parts  of  the 
world,  and  that  knowledge  can  only  be  gained  from  printed  books  and  other 
records. 

There,  are  three  services  which  a  library  can  perform  which  make  its 
books  accessible  to  scholars  everywhere,  and  which  extend  its  usefulness  far 
beyond  its  own  community.  First,  the  preparation  of  printed  catalogues  of 
notable  special  collections,  or  bibliographies  on  important  subjects  such  as 
are  published  in  this  Bulletin.  Second,  the  further  development  of  inter- 
library  loans  of  books  needed  for  research,  and  finally,  provision  for  a  rapid 
and  inexpensive  photographic  copying  service. 

When  a  library  is  asked  for  a  book  which  it  does  not  possess,  one  which 
is  badly  needed  for  important  study,  a  resourceful  reference  librarian  will 
endeavor,  by  means  of  printed  catalogues  or  special  bibliographies,  to  find  a 
copy  in  some  other  library.  He  will  try  to  borrow  it,  or  if  that  cannot  be  done, 
to  obtain  photostat  reproductions  of  the  pages  needed. 

An  examination  of  our  photostat  order  blanks  for  any  month  is  illuminat- 
ing and  instructive.  Each  affords  concrete  evidence  of  the  practical  use  made 
of  a  reference  library.  In  the  main,  requests  fall  into  the  following  groups: 

(1)  Printed  matter  —  whether  books,  periodicals  or  newspapers  —  of 
which  merely  a  copy  is  wanted.  A  transcript  in  longhand,  or  a  typewritten 
copy  would  serve  just  as  well,  but  the  photostat  is  quicker,  and  usually  cheaper 
in  the  long  run.  A  photographic  copy  is  also  free  from  errors  and  omissions 
to  which  the  most  careful  copyist  or  typist  is  at  times  liable,  and  the  record 
is  more  permanent. 

Orders  for  prints  come  from  engineers,  chemists,  makers  of  everything 
from  explosive  powder  to  paint.  The  special  libraries  and  laboratories  of 
industrial  and  manufacturing  corporations  call  upon  us  for  articles  in  scien- 
tific and  technical  journals  needed  to  carry  on  their  own  investigations.  Banks 
and  social  workers  want  statistical  tables  and  government  reports.  Musicians, 
composers,  even  orchestra  conductors,  are  using  photostat  copies  of  music 
which  is  out  of  print,  or  which  can  not  be  easily  obtained  outside  of  library 
collections.  For  no  other  two  classes  of  printed  matter  is  the  use  of  the 
photostat  more  important  than  for  tables  of  statistics,  and  music.  A  wrong 
figure  or  a  false  note  may  produce  disastrous  consequences.  Family  trees 
and  coats  of  arms  are  copied  for  genealogists,  professional  and  amateur. 

American,  British  and  foreign  patents  are  photographed  for  patent 
lawyers,  or  for  patent  departments  of  large  industrial  corporations.  Probably 
more  than  half  the  prints  we  make  are  copies  of  the  specifications  and  draw- 
ings of  patents. 


6 

The  names  of  writers,  critics,  editors,  journalists  —  especially  the  special 
feature  writer,  —  scholars,  university  professors,  graduate  students,  govern- 
ment officials  and  diplomats,  may  be  found  in  our  index  to  orders  received. 

(2)  In  the  second  group  are  included  the  following  classes  of  material: 
maps,  diagrams,  architectural  plans,  and  all  forms  of  graphic  or  pictorial  art, 
whether  original  prints  or  illustrations  found  in  books.     Were  it  not  for  the 
inexpensive  photostat  such  material  would  be  photographed  by  the  slower  plate 
process  if  desired  for  book,  magazine  or  newspaper  illustration.     If  copies  are 
wanted  for  study  only,  or  for  use  in  designing,  tracings   (if  permitted)   or 
sketches  might  be  used. 

Artists,  architects,  landscape  gardeners,  designers  of  furniture,  textiles, 
rugs,  jewelry,  actors,  stage  managers,  and  moving  picture  managers  (for 
details  as  to  costumes,  stage  settings,  makeup  of  historical  characters),  and 
advertising  men  are  among  the  many  classes  of  people  who  wish  reproduc- 
tions of  all  sorts  of  pictures.  Newspapers  and  magazines  make  frequent 
requests  for  portraits  of  persons  who  have  suddenly  achieved  celebrity,  or 
for  views  —  scenes  or  buildings  —  from  some  part  of  the  world  brought  to 
public  attention  by  current  events. 

(3)  The.  third  and  last  group  of  this   rough  classification   comprises 
manuscripts,  incunabula,  first  editions,  rarities  of  all  sorts,  of  which  photo- 
graphic copies  are  almost  a  necessity  for  satisfactory  study  or  collation,  if 
access  cannot  be  had  to  the  originals.     Furthermore,  the  originals,  which  are 
frequently  of  great  value,  and  practically  irreplaceable  (manuscripts,  of  course, 
are  unique),  are  saved  the  wear  and  tear  to  which  even  the  most  careful  hand- 
ling subjects  them,  if  they  are  frequently  consulted.     The  average  person  is 
not  apt  to  think  that  books  of  this  class  are  of  much  use  except  in  museums. 
They  have  a  certain  interest  on  account  of  their  beauty  or  value  or  rarity,  and 
he  enjoys  seeing  them  on  -exhibition,  but  he  does  not  know  that  they  are 
necessary  for  studies  in  history,  or  literature,  or  the  development  of  the  art 
of  printing. 

A  large  reference  library,  as  was  shown  in  "A  Librarian's  Mail,"  which 
appeared  in  the  July  issue  of  the  Bulletin,  receives  many  letters  which  can 
not  be  satisfactorily  answered,  because  of  the  time  which  the  search,  collec- 
tion of  material  and  copying  would  require  of  the  reference  staff,  already 
unable  to  meet  the  more  legitimate  demands  of  readers  in  this  Library.  The 
photostat  is  frequently  mentioned,  and  in  many  cases  where  the  books  sug- 
gested can  not  be  obtained  in  libraries  nearer  the  writer's  home,  a  request  is 
received  for  a  photostat  copy  of  the  picture  or  page  or  chapter.  The  use  of 
the  photostat  in  handling  a  reference  library's  correspondence  has  not  begun 
to  be  developed. 

A  properly  organized  photostat  service  involves  far  more  than  a  machine, 
a  dark  room,  and  an  operator.  The  actual  process  of  photographing  and 
developing  is  after  all  a  small  part  of  the  job.  The  greater  part  of  the  orders 
received  are  placed  directly  by  readers  at  the  Library.  An  increasing  number 
are  received  by  letter,  or  formal  written  order,  and  many  —  chiefly  for  patents 


CHARLESTON 

MERCURY 


EXTRA: 


unanimously  at   1.15  oY/or/,.   /'..>/.    Dm  mint- 


A*   OHlMAAXt'K 

7b  dixKoIre   the    I'nion  6«7irwn   tin-    St  'til  V    oj'    \milli   Carolina   and 
other  Stulcx  ttnlltd  iril/i  her   nml<  r   thf  roinjuu-t   t-Htitlrd  •-  Tin- 
of  I  /if   lulled  SltilfK  of  *lini'riffi." 


H>.  th>    /'../'•    ,,/H,.   Slut*  ••/  .<-->itl,  t',ir->;,fi.  ,:,    i  •:: 

it  i.f  ii'T'l'ii  dedared  <uul  ordtiinni^ 

That  the  Onlinnnri'  ail<.|,t.-'l  l>y  us  in  r,,nv,-nui.ii.  i.ii  tin-  tw«-iity-»liinl  -lay  ••!  M;iy.  in  th«» 
rear  i»f  our  Lori  out-  tlmii>uit<l  -cvt-n  liuiidn.-il  an'l  i-iL-Iii}  -fi-'lit.  «li>  rd.y  the  »'n:;»tit'itiun  of  the 
UniteJ  States  of  America  «a>  ralilidl.  an<t  :il.v.  all  A«  •!-  ati'l  |-ari>  ..f  Ao(>  of  the  General 
Assembly  of  this  >tal>-.  ratifyint;  aim-inlmeiiln  of  tin-  .-ai-l  <'i.n>iiuili'Hi,  are  herel>y  n-jiealcd; 
and  that  the  union  now  ^ul>sistill,s:  U-tweeii  South  Carolina  ainl  ntlu-r  States,  under  the  name  of 
'•The  United  States  of  America,  is  hereliv  dissolved. 


THE 


UNION 


REPRODUCED  FROM   PHOTOSTAT 

COPY   OF    BROADSIDE 


294                                      TRADE  AND  COMMERCE 

5.-  -Exports  to  the  United  Kingdom,  to  the  United  States  and  to  Other  Countries  of 
Merchandise  the  produce  of  Canada,  1868-192*. 

Fiscal  Year. 

United 
^  Kingdom. 

United 
States. 

Other 
Countries. 

Totals. 

1868             

* 

17,905,808 
20,486,389 
22,512,991 
21,733,556 
25,223,785 
31,402,234 

35,769,190 
34,199,134 
34,379,005 
35,491,671 
35,861,110 
29.393,424 

35,208,031 
42,637,219 
39,816,813 
39,538,067 
37,410,870 
36.479,051 

36,694,263 
38,714,331 
33,648,284 
33,504,281 
41,499.149 

43,243,784 
54,949,055 
58,409,606 
60,878,056 
57,903,564 

62,717,941 
69,533,852 
93,065,019 
85,113,681 
96.562,875 

92,857,525 
109,347.345 
125,199,980 
110.120,892 
97,114,867 

127,456,465 
98,691,186 
126,194,124 
126,384,724 
139,482,945 

132,156,924 
147,240,413 
170,161,903 
215,253,969 
186.668,554 

451,852,399 
742,147,537 

845.4W.009 
.">>().  7.">0.!i77 
4S9.15I.HOO 

1 

22,387.846 
23,640,188 
27,398,930 
26,715,690 
29,984,440 
33,421,725 

30,380,556 
25,683,818 
27,451,150 
22,160,666 
22,131,343 
23,149,909 

26,762,705 
31,015,109 
41,687,638 
36,096,501 
31,631,622 
32,618,593 

31,503,292 
32,273,033 
37,323,161 
36,449,288 
33,291.207 

34,829,436 
31,317,857 
33,813,802 
29,297,598 
32,303,773 

34,460,428 
39,717,057 
34,361.795 
34,766,955 
52,534,977 

67,983,673 
66,567,784 
67,766,367 
66,856,885 
70,426,765 

83,546,306 
62,257,299 
90,814,871 
85,334,806 
104,199,675 

104.115,823 
102,041,222 
139,725,953 
163,  372,825 
173,320,216 

201,106,488 
280,610.:',.'iO 
417,2:«,287 
45-t.S73.170 
404.029,014 

f 

5,249,523 
5,196,727 
6,169,271 
6,732,110 
7.735,802 
8,421,647 

7,777,002 
7,607,941 
8,031,694 
8,212,543 
7,747,681 
7,546,245 

8,125,455 
7,269,051 
8,538,260 
8,651,139 
8,089,587 
7,085,874 

6.777,951 
6,976,656 
7.326,305 
7,248,235 
7,545,158 

7,684,524 
9,417,341 
9,783,082 
10,411,199 
9,321,014 

9,200,383 
10,434,501 
12,494,118 
12,920,626 
.     14,412,938 

16,590,188 
20,104,634 
21,435,327 
21,436,662 
23,313,314 

24,481,185 
19,596,821 
29,951,973 
30.884,054 
35,564,931 

38,043,806 
40,942,222 
45,866,744 
52,961,645 
49,430,066 

88,651.751 
128,611,901 
277,314,432 
220.  M  'Mi.',!) 
2.SO,:Ul,'>78 

$ 

45,543,177 

49,323,304 
56,081.1!i2 
55,181,356 
62,944,027 
73,245,606 

73,926,748 
67,490,893 
69.861,849 
65,864,880 
65,740,134 
60,089,578 

70,096,191 
80,921.379 
90,042,711 
84,285,707 
77,132,079 
76,183,518 

74,975,506 
77,964,020 
78,297,750 
77,201,804 
82,335,514 

85,757,744 
95,684,233 

102,00(5.490 
100,586,853 
99,528.351 

106,378,752 
119,685.4111 
139,920,932 
132,801,202 
163,510,790 

177,431,386 
196,019,763 
214,401,674 

198.414.439 
190,854,940 

2:;:.,4S3,956 
180,545,306 
246,900,968 
242,  M3,  584 
279,247,551 

274,316,553 

290,223,  s:>7 
35">,7">4.(>00 
431,5X8,439 
409.41S.S30 

741.610.03S 
1,151,375,768 

1.  540,027,  7.\S 
l,lMli.4»:i.M><; 
1,2:59,492,098 

1869  

1870  

1871  

1872  

1873  

1874      

1875      

1876      

1877  

1878  

1879  

1880  "  

1881  

1882      '    

1883  

1884  

1885  

1888      

1887  

1888  

1889  

1890  

1891      

1892      

1893  

1894                           

1895  

1896          

1897      

1898  

1899  

1900  

1901  

1902  

1903  

1904  

1905  

1906  

1907  (9  months)  

1908  

1909  

1910  

1911... 

1912  

1913  

1914..    .    .           .           

1915  .    .       .    .              

1916  

1917  

1918  

1919  

1920  

Nort.  —  For  the  years  1868  to  1'JOO,  the  amounts  estimated  "short"  were  not  inclinl"'!. 

REPRODUCED  FROM   PHOTOSTAT 

COPY   OF   STATISTICAL   TABLE 


THE  PHOTOSTAT  IN  REFERENCE  WORK  7 

—  are  telephoned.  The  service  is  at  present  organized  as  a  section  of  the 
Readers'  Division'  its  headquarters  at  the  delivery  desk  in  the  Main  Reading 
Room,  with  a  reference  assistant  in  immediate  charge.  There  is  also  at  the 
delivery  desk  a  clerical  assistant,  and  a  page  is  regularly  assigned  for  mes- 
senger duty.  In  the  photographing  room  the  force  consists  of  a  skilled 
photographer,  an  assistant  operator  and  a  page. 

All  correspondence,  save  routine  notices,  is  handled  through  the  Direc- 
tor's office.  The  service  must  be  supervised  by  an  assistant  with  reference 
experience,  familiar  with  library  methods,  having,  some  knowledge  of  bibliog- 
raphy and  reference  books.  Orders  are  frequently  vague  and  inexact  in 
describing  the  material  to  be  photographed,  and  the  same  problems  that  occur 
in  reference  work  constantly  arise  —  the  books  must  be  collected  from  all 
over  the  Library,  the  pages  or  plates  to  be  photographed  carefully  marked, 
and  explicit  directions  given  on  the  order  sheet.  The  prints  when  made  and 
assembled  in  the  photographing  room,  must  then  be  checked  with  the  order, 
omissions  noted  and  filled  in,  and  the  completed  work  filed  for  delivery  or  pre- 
pared for  mailing.  In  1913  the  orders  were  handled  through  the  Director's 
office  and  the  work  done  by  one  of  the  stack  assistants  who  spent  a  few  hours 
each  week  in  the  photographing  room. 


REFERENCES  ON  THE  PHOTOSTAT 

Westphal,  Thos.  H.  ff  VFA 

Use  of  photostats  in  plant  layouts.      (In:  American  machinist. 
April  8,  1920.       v.  52,  p.  803.) 

*Leach,  Howard  S.  t  VA 

The  photostat  as  an  aid  to  research.        (In:  Scientific  Ameri- 
can.      March  13,  1920.       v.  122,  p.  276;  291-292.) 

VDA 

Photography  in  the  drafting  room.        (In:  Engineering  maga- 
zine [now  Industrial  management].        1913.       v.  45,  p.  109-111.) 

*Burlingame,  Luther  D.  ft  VFA 

The  photostat  and  its  use.       (In:  Machinery.       1915.       v.  21, 
p.  951-954.) 

ffVHA 

New  reproducing  machine.        (In:  Iron  trade  review.       June  3, 
1915.       v.  56,  p.  1106-1107.) 

Palmer,  H.  P.  f  VHWA 

Photography  in  the  drafting  room.       (In:  Coal  age.      Feb.  17, 
1917.       v.  11,  p.  310-311.) 

^Princeton  University.    Library.  MFS 

Photostat  exhibition.       1916.       8  p. 

*  Recommended. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 

Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


'- 


C  16  J947 


^qp/LD 
19  1356 


LD  21-100m-9:«(A5702sl6>416 


